Dr. Rule completed his undergraduate degree in engineering and medical school at the University of Washington in 1999. He subsequently completed his internal medicine residency, nephrology fellowship, and MSc in clinical research at the Mayo Clinic (Minnesota) in 2006. As an academic nephrologist and epidemiologist at the Mayo Clinic, Dr. Rule studies the structural changes in the human kidney with aging and the epidemiology of kidney stones. His early career was launched with several seminal contributions in estimating glomerular filtration rate with serum creatinine and cystatin C and the clinical implications for diagnosing chronic kidney disease. His primary research interest subsequently evolved from this into investigating the underlying structural changes in the human kidney with aging and early kidney disease. He developed the multi-center Aging Kidney Anatomy study since 2010 that uses unique quantitative structural data from CT scans and kidney biopsies, along with detailed clinical and laboratory data, to study structure-function-outcome associations in living kidney donors and patients who undergo nephrectomy for tumors. This has led to high-profile papers in top medical journals and recognition by the field as a leading expert on the aging human kidney (UpToDate author for “The aging kidney”). Another research focus since 2008 has been to characterize the outcomes associated with kidney stones in the community, particularly symptomatic recurrence and chronic kidney disease. Dr. Rule publish 10-20 papers per year and has obtained an h-index of 45 and an i10-index of 108 (Google Scholar). He also serves as an Associate Editor for the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (Impact Factor 8.7) and the Nephrology Section Editor for the Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Impact Factor 7.2).